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全球抗生素使用量2000至2015年激增65%：迫切需要全球抗藥性對策

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從2000至2015年，全球抗生素消耗量增加了65%，達到34.8億定義日劑量（DDD）。這一增長主要由低收入和中等收入國家推動，與國內生產總值（GDP）增長相關。對最後手段藥物的使用急劇增加，尤其令人擔憂。如果不改變現有政策，預計到2030年，全球抗生素消耗量可能比2015年高出200%。

2000年至2015年間抗生素消耗的全球增加和地理收斂

Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015

Eili Y Klein 1 2 3, Thomas P Van Boeckel 4, Elena M Martinez 5, Suraj Pant 5, Sumanth Gandra 5, Simon A Levin 6 7 8, Herman Goossens 9, Ramanan Laxminarayan 5 7 10
Affiliations expand
PMID: 29581252 PMCID: PMC5899442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717295115

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29581252/

Abstract

Tracking antibiotic consumption patterns over time and across countries could inform policies to optimize antibiotic prescribing and minimize antibiotic resistance, such as setting and enforcing per capita consumption targets or aiding investments in alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the trends and drivers of antibiotic consumption from 2000 to 2015 in 76 countries and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption, expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), increased 65% (21.1-34.8 billion DDDs), and the antibiotic consumption rate increased 39% (11.3-15.7 DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The increase was driven by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rising consumption was correlated with gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) growth (P = 0.004). In high-income countries (HICs), although overall consumption increased modestly, DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day fell 4%, and there was no correlation with GDPPC. Of particular concern was the rapid increase in the use of last-resort compounds, both in HICs and LMICs, such as glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones, carbapenems, and polymyxins. Projections of global antibiotic consumption in 2030, assuming no policy changes, were up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015. Although antibiotic consumption rates in most LMICs remain lower than in HICs despite higher bacterial disease burden, consumption in LMICs is rapidly converging to rates similar to HICs. Reducing global consumption is critical for reducing the threat of antibiotic resistance, but reduction efforts must balance access limitations in LMICs and take account of local and global resistance patterns.

Keywords: antibiotic stewardship; antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; defined daily doses; low-income countries.

摘要

追蹤抗生素消費模式在不同國家隨時間的變化，可以為制定政策提供資訊，以優化抗生素的處方並最小化抗生素抗藥性，例如設定和執行人均消費目標或資助抗生素替代品的投資。在這項研究中，我們分析了2000年至2015年76個國家抗生素消費的趨勢和驅動因素，並預測了2030年全球總抗生素消費量。在2000年至2015年間，抗生素消費量（以定義每日劑量（DDD）表示）增加了65％（從21.1億增至34.8億DDD），抗生素消費率增加了39％（從每千居民每天11.3增至15.7DDD）。這一增加主要由低收入和中等收入國家（LMICs）推動，其中消費增加與人均國內生產總值（GDPPC）增長相關（P = 0.004）。在高收入國家（HICs），儘管總體消費量略有增加，但每千居民每天的DDD

關鍵詞：抗生素管理；抗生素；抗微生物抗藥性；定義每日劑量；低收入國家。

圖1

全球抗生素消費量按國家分布：2000-2015年。（A）2000年至2015年間，各國抗生素消費率的變化，以每千居民每天DDD計算。對於越南、孟加拉國、荷蘭和克羅地亞，變化量從2005年開始計算，對於阿爾及利亞則從2002年開始計算，因為這些年份之前這些國家的數據不可用。（B）2015年各國抗生素消費率，以每千居民每天DDD計算。數據來源：IQVIA MIDAS，2000-2015年，IQVIA Inc. 版權所有（https://www.iqvia.com/solutions/commercialization/geographies/midas）。

圖2

全球按國家收入分類的抗生素消費量：2000-2015年。（A）圖表顯示低收入和中等收入國家（LMICs）的抗生素消費率（每千居民每天DDD）急劇增加，而高收入國家（HICs）的消費率則幾乎保持不變。然而，如B所示，許多LMICs較大的人口規模導致總體抗生素消費量（DDD）在LMICs更高，即使它們的消費率（因而人均使用量）較低。在B中，每個條形圖反映了該國或國家群在指定年份的總消費量。數據來源：IQVIA MIDAS，2000-2015年，IQVIA Inc. 版權所有（https://www.iqvia.com/solutions/commercialization/geographies/midas）。

圖3

在每千居民每天DDD計算的情況下，高收入國家（HICs）、中等收入國家-上中等（LMICs-UM）和中等收入國家-下中等（LMICs-LM）四種最常使用的治療類抗生素的消費率。（A）廣譜青霉素，對應於解剖治療化學（ATC）分類中的延伸譜青霉素（J01CA），不包括羧苄西林。（B）頭孢菌素，對應於ATC分類代碼J01DB、J01DC、J01DD和J01DE，涵蓋四代頭孢菌素。（C）大環內酯類，對應於ATC分類中的大環內酯、林可黴素和鏈黴素（J01F）。（D）喹諾酮，對應於ATC分類中的喹諾酮抗菌劑（J01M）。數據來源：IQVIA MIDAS，2000-2015年，IQVIA Inc. 版權所有（https://www.iqvia.com/solutions/commercialization/geographies/midas）。

圖4

在每千居民每天DDD計算的情況下，高收入國家（HICs）、中等收入國家-上中等（LMICs-UM）和中等收入國家-下中等（LMICs-LM）使用新型及最後手段抗生素的消費率。（A）甘胺環素，對應於ATC分類中的替加環素（J01AA12）。（B）噁唑環酮，對應於ATC分類中的利奈唑胺（J01XX08）和泰地唑胺（J01XX11）。（C）卡巴匹南，對應於ATC分類中的卡巴匹南（J01DH）。（D）多粘菌素，對應於ATC分類中的多粘菌素（J01XB）。數據來源：IQVIA MIDAS，2000-2015年，IQVIA Inc. 版權所有（https://www.iqvia.com/solutions/commercialization/geographies/midas）。

圖5

圖5. 預測的全球總抗生素消費量（數十億DDD）：2000-2030年。根據三種情景估算所有國家的全球抗生素消費量（以數十億DDD計算）：（i）所有國家繼續按目前的人均消費率消費；（ii）所有國家的消費量繼續按目前的複合年增長率變化；及（iii）所有國家的消費量趨於全球中位數抗生素消費率。這些估算使用了IQVIA MIDAS數據庫中2000-2015年的抗生素使用數據以及世界銀行數據庫2000-2030年的人口估算和預測。數據來源：IQVIA MIDAS，2000-2015年，IQVIA Inc. 版權所有（https://www.iqvia.com/solutions/commercialization/geographies/midas）。

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