急性主動脈剝離診斷新指標:D-二聚體、NT-proBNP與高敏肌鈣蛋白I的臨床意義

本翻譯僅作學術交流用,無商業意圖,請勿轉載,如有疑議問請來信

本研究探討了急性主動脈剝離(AAD)患者血液中D-二聚體(D-D)、高敏肌鈣蛋白I(hs-cTnI)和N端B型利鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)水平的變化。結果顯示,AAD患者這三種指標的表現水平顯著升高,且可用於診斷和預後評估。這些指標在早期區分急性主動脈剝離與其他胸痛病因中具有重要意義。

Changes of Serum D-Dimer, NT-proBNP, and Troponin I Levels in Patients with Acute Aortic Dissection and the Clinical Significance

急性主動脈剝離患者血清D-二聚體、NT-proBNP和肌鈣蛋白I水平的變化及臨床意義

Xu Z, Wei M, Guo X, et al. Changes of Serum D-Dimer, NT-proBNP, and Troponin I Levels in Patients with Acute Aortic Dissection and the Clinical Significance [retracted in: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2023 Jun 21;2023:9868031. doi: 10.1155/2023/9868031]. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:8309505. Published 2022 Aug 8. doi:10.1155/2022/8309505

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35979001/

Abstract

Objective. To investigate the changes in blood D-dimer (D-D), high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), and N-terminal B-type brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) and its clinical significance. Methods. Forty patients with AAD diagnosed in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected as the observation group, and 40 patients with chest pain and non-AAD treated in our hospital during the same period were included in the control group. The patients were subdivided into a death group and a survival group as per the prognosis. The clinical symptoms and signs of the two groups of patients upon admission were observed, and the levels of D-D, hs-cTnI, and NT-proBNP were determined. The differences in clinical data, plasma D-D, hs-cTnI, and NT-proBNP levels between the two groups of patients were analyzed. Results. The clinical data and physical signs were homogeneous between the two groups (P > 0.05), while a significant elevation in the level of hs-cTnI in the control group was observed 24 h after admission (P < 0.05). The observation group showed significantly higher levels of D-D, NT-proBNP, and hs-cTnI than the control group (P < 0.05). The prevalence and surgical cure rate of Stanford A in the survival group were significantly lower in contrast with the death group, with an obvious higher intervention cure rate in the survival group. Higher D-dimer and NT-proBNP levels were identified at 24 h after admission versus upon admission, and the death group had a greater increase of D-dimer and NT-proBNP levels. Conclusion. Clinical symptoms and signs are insufficient to constitute a diagnosis of AAD, whereas the elevated expression levels of D-D, hs-cTnI, and NT-proBNP demonstrated great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of AAD.

摘要

目的:探討急性主動脈剝離(AAD)患者血液中D-二聚體(D-D)、高敏感性肌鈣蛋白I(hs-cTnI)及N端B型腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)水平的變化及其臨床意義。方法:選取我院2018年1月至2019年12月診斷為AAD的40例患者為觀察組,並選取同期在我院就診的40例胸痛但非AAD患者為對照組。根據預後將患者分為死亡組和存活組。觀察兩組患者入院時的臨床症狀和體徵,並測定D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP的水平。分析兩組患者的臨床資料、血漿D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平的差異。結果:兩組患者的臨床資料和體徵相似(P > 0.05),但對照組入院24小時後的hs-cTnI水平顯著升高(P < 0.05)。觀察組的D-D、NT-proBNP和hs-cTnI水平顯著高於對照組(P < 0.05)。存活組的Stanford A型的發病率和手術治愈率顯著低於死亡組,而存活組的介入治愈率顯著較高。入院24小時後,D-二聚體和NT-proBNP水平高於入院時,而死亡組的D-二聚體和NT-proBNP水平增加更多。結論:臨床症狀和體徵不足以診斷AAD,而D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平的升高在AAD的診斷和預後中表現出巨大的潛力。

前言

急性主動脈剝離(AAD)是由中層主動脈囊性變性引起的心血管急症,當主動脈內膜破裂後,血液進入中層主動脈,形成剝離的血腫,這是一種潛在致命的疾病【1】。一項從2001年到2015年的15年橫斷面研究結果顯示,AAD的發病率約為3/10萬,24小時死亡率約為50%,且隨著入院延遲死亡率增加【2】。AAD治療無效的情況下,發病後1至2小時內的死亡率約為1%,一週內超過50%,而及時治療可顯著改善預後和生存率【3】。AAD具有高死亡率和快速進展的特點,早期診斷和治療有助於改善患者的預後。傳統中醫對AAD並無具體討論,但在以往研究中將其歸類為胸中血瘀。AAD的疼痛被歸因於血氣滯滯、血管和靜脈收縮、血氣虛弱和局部瘀滯,導致血液流動不暢【4】。

目前,AAD的診斷主要依靠CT血管造影、磁共振血管造影、直接數字剪影血管造影和經食道超聲心動圖【5】。然而,儘管上述方法有所進展,AAD患者的診斷或預後仍不令人滿意,這歸因於患者在AAD發作期間的危急情況,需要緊急和快速的診斷處理,患者難以忍受且檢測時間長【6】。為此,實驗室檢查被認為是有益的輔助手段。

D-D是纖維蛋白溶解酶降解交聯纖維蛋白原的產物,直接反映體內纖維蛋白溶解活動和凝血功能,是體內高纖維蛋白溶解和高凝狀態的理想標誌物【7】。NT-proBNP是一種對容量敏感的神經激素,由心臟合成和分泌,反映心內壓力和心室壁張力的變化【8】。hs-cTnI是一種心肌收縮調節蛋白,是早期診斷輕微心肌損傷的敏感指標【9】。D-二聚體(D-D)、N端B型腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)和心肌肌鈣蛋白I(hs-cTnI)在AAD患者的診斷和預後評估中起著積極作用。因此,本研究回顧性分析了AAD與上述三項指標的相關性,以期為AAD的診斷和鑑別提供參考。

材料與方法

2.1 研究對象

在這項回顧性研究中,選取我院2018年1月至2019年12月期間診斷為急性主動脈剝離(AAD)的40例患者作為觀察組,同期在我院就診的40例胸痛但非AAD患者作為對照組。在對照組中,17例診斷為ST段抬高型心肌梗塞,11例診斷為不穩定型心絞痛,6例診斷為肺栓塞,6例診斷為消化道疾病。

2.2 選擇標準

納入標準如下:入院後經CT和MRI確認診斷的患者【10】,且未曾使用肝素和低分子量肝素進行抗凝治療。

排除標準如下:排除患有靜脈血栓栓塞症、肝腎疾病、惡性腫瘤、結締組織病、甲狀腺功能障礙、急慢性感染及紐約心臟協會(NYHA)心功能分級IV級的患者【11】,以及在6個月內進行過手術和創傷的患者。

2.3 觀察指標

2.3.1 症狀和體徵

入院時觀察患者是否出現突發胸痛、背痛、腹痛、昏厥、休克、上肢指動脈無脈搏及上肢血壓不對稱等症狀和體徵。

2.3.2 D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平測定

從肘靜脈採集兩管抗凝血(各2毫升),其中一管加檸檬酸鈉抗凝。前者用於電化學發光分析測定hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP,後者用於免疫比濁法測定D-D。使用丹麥Radiometer公司提供的AQT90分析儀進行時間解析熒光免疫分析,hs-cTnI試劑盒由上海攀科生物科技有限公司提供,NT-proBNP試劑盒由博薩(天津)生物科技有限公司提供,D-D試劑盒由賽博生物科技有限公司提供。所有操作均嚴格按照說明書進行。

2.3.3 預後與D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP表達的相關性

根據患者的臨床預後將其分為死亡組和存活組,對比兩組患者的臨床資料及D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平的差異。

2.4 統計分析

本研究使用SPSS 25.0軟體進行統計分析。正態分佈數據以平均值±標準差表示,組間差異使用t檢驗進行分析。分類數據以n(%)表示,並使用卡方檢驗進行分析。統計標準設定為P值小於0.05。

結果

3.1 患者特徵

觀察組包含26名男性和14名女性,年齡介於38至86歲,平均年齡為(59.05 ± 11.3)歲。按照Stanford分型,18例為A型,22例為B型;高血壓28例,有飲酒史11例,糖尿病7例,有吸菸史16例,累及胸、腹和髂動脈23例,累及胸主動脈8例,累及胸腹主動脈9例。對照組包含24名男性和16名女性,平均年齡為(62.9 ± 11.1)歲。急性心肌梗塞17例,心包炎6例,食道和胃疾病6例,肺栓塞3例,神經根痛5例,肌肉骨骼疾病3例;高血壓26例,有飲酒史13例,糖尿病9例,有吸菸史14例。兩組患者特徵具有可比性(P > 0.05)(表1)。

一般資訊比較

3.2 症狀和體徵

卡方檢驗顯示兩組在突發胸痛、背痛、腹痛、昏厥、休克、上肢指動脈無脈搏及上肢血壓不對稱的發生率方面無統計學顯著差異(P > 0.05)(表2)。

Click me!

3.3 D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平

入院24小時後,兩組的D-D和NT-proBNP水平均顯著升高,而hs-cTnI水平均無顯著變化(P > 0.05),對照組的hs-cTnI水平顯著升高(P < 0.05)。觀察組的D-D、NT-proBNP和hs-cTnI水平顯著高於對照組(P < 0.05)(表3)。

D-D、hs-cTnI和NT-proBNP水平比較

3.4 患者預後及臨床資料分析

在所有符合條件的患者中,31例存活,9例死亡。存活組與死亡組之間的性別比例、高血壓、飲酒史、糖尿病發病率和吸菸率的差異未達到統計標準(P > 0.05)。存活組Stanford A型的發病率和手術治癒率顯著低於死亡組,且存活組的介入治癒率顯著較高(P < 0.05)(表4)。

患者預後及臨床資料分析

3.5 存活組和死亡組的D-D和NT-proBNP水平

入院24小時後,D-二聚體和NT-proBNP水平均高於入院時,且死亡組的D-二聚體和NT-proBNP水平增加更多(表5)。

存活組與死亡組D-D和NT-proBNP水平比較

結果

本研究中,兩組患者突發胸痛、背痛、腹痛、昏厥、休克及上肢血壓不對稱的發生率相似。AAD 與生活質量下降和身體功能負面影響有關【12】。AAD 的典型臨床表現包括突發劇烈的胸痛、背痛和上腹痛,這與急性冠狀動脈綜合症相似【13】。如果冠狀動脈再次受累,急性心肌供血不足和心電圖變化類似於急性心肌梗塞,容易被誤診。鑒於此,早期鑑別診斷和治療對改善患者預後具有重要意義【14】。AAD 的典型症狀包括劇烈的胸痛、低血壓或昏厥【15】。本研究結果顯示,臨床症狀和體徵尚不足以進行 AAD 的鑑別診斷。影像學研究為診斷 AAD 和監測高風險主動脈疾病患者提供了堅實的基礎。

結果顯示,AAD 患者的 D-D、NT-proBNP 和 hs-cTnI 水平均隨時間顯著增加,死亡組的變化比存活組更明顯。D-D 是交聯纖維蛋白的特殊降解產物,D-D 水平的升高是由多種纖溶激活因子相互作用所致,這表明次級纖溶活動,反映體內高凝狀態和纖溶活性狀態。已知 AAD 患者動脈平滑肌層中的組織因子暴露會激活外源性凝血途徑,增加外周血 D-D 水平【16】。撕裂的嚴重程度與凝血系統活動及後續纖溶過程,D-D 和 FDP 水平成正比。因此,診斷後應積極採取有效治療措施【17】。一項包含16項研究的綜合分析評估了 D-D 在 AAD 診斷中的價值,證實其聯合檢測的敏感性為0.96(95% CI 0.91~0.98),聯合特異性為0.70(95% CI 0.57~0.81),聯合 DOR 為56.57(95% CI 25.11~127.44)。聯合 +LR 為3.25(95% CI 2.18~4.85),聯合 −LR 為0.06(95% CI 0.03~0.12),AUC 為0.94(95% CI 0.91~0.95)。D-二聚體對 AAD 具有極佳的診斷價值和高敏感性【18】。NT-proBNP 是由心肌細胞在血液循環中合成的氨基酸殘基分解產生的生物活性物質,主要存在於心室肌細胞中。當心室壁張力和心室擴張增加時,釋放到血液中的 BNP 量相應增加,呈正相關【19】。一項綜合分析顯示,入院時升高的 NT-proBNP 水平與 AAD 短期死亡風險增加有關【20】。此外,本文中的死亡組 NT-proBNP 水平顯著高於存活組。TnI 是一種標誌物,相較於其他心肌損傷的生物指標,具有半衰期長、體外穩定性好、檢測時間短和數據獲取快等優勢。大部分的心肌 TnI 以結合蛋白的形式固定在肌原纖維上,當心肌細胞受損時,自由 TnI 會首先進入細胞外血液循環【21】。濃度越高表明心肌損傷越嚴重。主動脈剝離 TnI 升高推測是由於主動脈瓣水腫和增厚、主動脈瓣閉鎖不全、冠狀動脈供血不足,甚至心肌梗塞【22】。

綜上所述,hs-cTnI 不足以診斷 AAD。這種偏差可能源於這是一項回顧性和單中心研究且樣本量有限。

結論

臨床症狀和體徵不足以診斷 AAD,而 D-D、hs-cTnI 和 NT-proBNP 水平的升高在 AAD 的診斷和預後中表現出巨大的潛力。

參考文獻

1 Gawinecka J., Schönrath F., and von Eckardstein A., Acute aortic dissection: pathogenesis, risk factors and diagnosis, Swiss Medical Weekly. (2017) 147, w14489.
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
2 Hagan P. G., Nienaber C. A., Isselbacher E. M., Bruckman D., Karavite D. J., Russman P. L., Evangelista A., Fattori R., Suzuki T., Oh J. K., Moore A. G., Malouf J. F., Pape L. A., Gaca C., Sechtem U., Lenferink S., Deutsch H. J., Diedrichs H., Marcos Y., Robles J., Llovet A., Gilon D., Das S. K., Armstrong W. F., Deeb G. M., and Eagle K. A., The international registry of acute aortic dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease, JAMA. (2000) 283, 897–903.
View
CAS
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
3 Murphy D. L., Danielson K. R., Knutson K., and Utarnachitt R. B., Management of acute aortic dissection during critical care air medical transport, Air Medical Journal. (2020) 39, no. 4, 291–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2020.04.017.
View
PubMed
Google Scholar
4 Wu X. W., Li G., Cheng X. B., Wang M., Wang L. L., Wang H. H., Yang J. Y., and Hu X. J., Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies with outcomes in patients with acute aortic dissection, JAMA Network Open. (2021) 4, no. 10, e2127587, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27587.
View
PubMed
Google Scholar
5 Reginelli A., Capasso R., Ciccone V., Croce M. R., Di Grezia G., Carbone M., Maggialetti N., Barile A., Fonio P., Scialpi M., and Brunese L., Usefulness of triphasic CT aortic angiography in acute and surveillance: our experience in the assessment of acute aortic dissection and endoleak, International Journal of Surgery. (2016) 33, S76–S84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.05.048, 2-s2.0-84988672835.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
6 Ko J. P., Goldstein J. M., LatsonL. A.Jr., Azour L., Gozansky E. K., Moore W., Patel S., and Hutchinson B., Chest CT angiography for acute aortic pathologic conditions: pearls and pitfalls, Radio Graphics. (2021) 41, no. 2, 399–424, https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200055.
View
Google Scholar
7 Weitz J. I., Fredenburgh J. C., and Eikelboom J. W., A test in context: D-dimer, Journal of the American College of Cardiology. (2017) 70, no. 19, 2411–2420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.024, 2-s2.0-85032750259.
View
CAS
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
8 Edwards K. D. and Tighe M. P., How to use N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in assessing disease severity in bronchiolitis, Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition. (2020) 105, no. 5, 282–288, https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-316896, 2-s2.0-85074131804.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
9 Clerico A., Zaninotto M., Padoan A., Ndreu R., Musetti V., Masotti S., Prontera C., Passino C., Carlo Zucchelli G., Plebani M., and Migliardi M., Harmonization of two hs-cTnI methods based on recalibration of measured quality control and clinical samples, Clinica Chimica Acta. (2020) 510, 150–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.009.
View
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
10 Nienaber C. A. and Clough R. E., Management of acute aortic dissection, The Lancet. (2015) 385, no. 9970, 800–811, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61005-9, 2-s2.0-84925581145.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
11 Caraballo C., Desai N. R., Mulder H., Alhanti B., Wilson F. P., Fiuzat M., Felker G. M., Piña I. L., O’Connor C. M., Lindenfeld J., Januzzi J. L., Cohen L. S., and Ahmad T., Clinical implications of the New York heart association classification, Journal of American Heart Association. (2019) 8, no. 23, e014240, https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.014240.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
12 Pasadyn S. R., Roselli E. E., Artis A. S., Pasadyn C. L., Phelan D., and Blackstone E. H., From court to couch: exercise and quality of life after acute type A aortic dissection, Aorta (Stamford). (2021) 9, no. 5, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731403.
View
PubMed
Google Scholar
13 Stöllberger C., Koller J., Finsterer J., Schauer D., and Ehrlich M., Anterograde Amnesia as a manifestation of acute type A aortic dissection, International Journal of Angiology. (2020) 29, no. 4, 263–266, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693029.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
14 Zhang H., Guo J., Zhang Q., Yuan N., Chen Q., Guo Z., and Hou M., The potential value of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio for early differential diagnosis and prognosis assessment in patients with aortic dissection, Clinical Biochemistry. (2021) 97, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.08.002.
View
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
15 Bossone E., LaBounty T. M., and Eagle K. A., Acute aortic syndromes: diagnosis and management, an update, European Heart Journal. (2018) 39, no. 9, 739–749d, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx319, 2-s2.0-85042911120.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
16 Albini P., Barshes N. R., Russell L., Wu D., Coselli J. S., Shen Y. H., Allison P. M., and LeMaire S. A., D-dimer levels remain elevated in acute aortic dissection after 24 h, Journal of Surgical Research. (2014) 191, no. 1, 58–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.074, 2-s2.0-84906282079.
View
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
17 Gorla R., Erbel R., Kahlert P., Tsagakis K., Jakob H., Mahabadi A. A., Schlosser T., Eggebrecht H., Bossone E., and Jánosi R. A., Diagnostic role and prognostic implications of D-dimer in different classes of acute aortic syndromes, European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. (2017) 6, no. 5, 379–388, https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872615594500, 2-s2.0-85050580506.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
18 Yao J., Bai T., Yang B., and Sun L., The diagnostic value of D-dimer in acute aortic dissection: a meta-analysis, Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. (2021) 16, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-021-01726-1.
View
Google Scholar
19 Wen D., Jia P., Du X., Dong J. Z., and Ma C. S., Value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and aortic diameter in predicting in-hospital mortality in acute aortic dissection, Cytokine. (2019) 119, 90–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.004, 2-s2.0-85063011108.
View
CAS
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
20 Vrsalovic M., Vrsalovic Presecki A., and Aboyans V., N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and short-term mortality in acute aortic dissection: a meta-analysis, Clinical Cardiology. (2020) 43, no. 11, 1255–1259, https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23436.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
21 Sheng J. J. and Jin J. P., TNNI1, TNNI2 and TNNI3: evolution, regulation, and protein structure-function relationships, Gene. (2016) 576, no. 1, 385–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.052, 2-s2.0-84949591471.
View
CAS
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar
22 Zhang R., Chen S., Zhang H., Wang W., Xing J., Wang Y., Yu B., and Hou J., Biomarkers investigation for in-hospital death in patients with Stanford type A acute aortic dissection, International Heart Journal. (2016) 57, no. 5, 622–626, https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.15-484, 2-s2.0-84988969489.
View
PubMed
Web of Science®
Google Scholar