心肌損傷的精確診斷:心肌肌鈣蛋白T的重大突破

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研究發現,血清中的心肌肌鈣蛋白T(cTnT)是診斷和預測心肌損傷的高度靈敏和特異性標誌物。快速免疫測試可在15分鐘內檢測cTnT濃度,對急性冠狀動脈綜合症患者的風險分層具強大預測能力,能準確診斷心肌微損傷,並提供有效的診療策略。

Troponin T: A sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic marker of myocardial damage

肌鈣蛋白 T:心肌損傷敏感且特異的診斷及預後標誌物

Gerhardt W, Ljungdahl L. Troponin T: a sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic marker of myocardial damage. Clin Chim Acta. 1998;272(1):47-57. doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00251-9

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581856/

Abstract

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in serum is a highly sensitive and specific marker for myocardial damage. Quantitative immunoassays take 9 min. A rapid test (TropT, CardiacT) using plasma detects cTnT concentrations above 0.10 μg/l within 15 min. Both assays are specific for the cardiac isoform. In a study using the maximal values from serial sampling in 502 infarction-suspected patients, we found a diagnostic sensitivity for non-Q- and Q-wave infarctions of 100%, with a specificity of 99%. cTnT has been shown to be a powerful prognostic marker for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes. In 30–40% of patients with unstable angina, cTnT≥0.10 μg/l detects minor myocardial damage (MMD) with poor prognosis. False positives may be found in certain skeletal muscle diseases, such as polymyositis and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. Constantly increased values in renal failure may be due to uremic cardiomyositis. Even in uremia, a rapid increase of cTnT will indicate acute myocardial damage. We propose a diagnostic strategy based on timed, parallel determinations of myoglobin+cTnT.

摘要

血清中的心肌肌鈣蛋白 T(cTnT)是一種高度敏感且特異的心肌損傷標誌物。定量免疫測定需要 9 分鐘,使用血漿的快速測試(TropT、CardiacT)可在 15 分鐘內檢測到超過 0.10 μg/l 的 cTnT 濃度。兩種測試都特異於心肌同工酶。在對 502 名疑似心肌梗塞患者進行的研究中,cTnT 對非 Q 波和 Q 波梗塞的診斷靈敏度為 100%,特異性為 99%。cTnT 被證明是急性冠狀動脈綜合症中風險分層的強大預後標誌物。在不穩定心絞痛患者中,30-40% 的 cTnT≥0.10 μg/l 檢測出輕微心肌損傷(MMD),預後不良。某些骨骼肌疾病如多發性肌炎和杜興氏肌營養不良症可能出現假陽性。腎衰竭中持續增加的值可能是由於尿毒症性心肌炎。即使在尿毒症中,cTnT 的快速升高也會指示急性心肌損傷。我們建議基於時間的肌紅蛋白+cTnT 平行測定診斷策略。

簡介

肌鈣蛋白 T(TnT),分子量 37 kDa,是肌原纖維薄絲的肌鈣蛋白-原肌球蛋白分子開關的一部分。TnT 存在於慢速和快速抽搐骨骼肌以及心肌中,有多種同功異構體。特異於單一心肌同工酶的抗體已被開發,用於免疫測定。正常人心肌細胞中 cTnT 濃度約為 12 mg/g 蛋白質,其中 6-8% 為細胞質中的游離態,其餘則與絲狀結構結合。細胞損傷後,血漿中的 cTnT 濃度呈雙相時間模式。細胞質中的 cTnT 先釋放進入血液,造成初始峰值,持續的缺血會導致薄絲解聚並釋放更多結合的 cTnT。

cTnT 的生物半衰期約為 2 小時。心肌梗塞後,釋放的 T1/2 值約為 6-20 小時,導致第二個峰值或緩慢下降的平臺,血漿中的 cTnT 增加可持續數天至數周。目前的 cTnT 免疫測定法對心肌同工酶具有分析特異性,使用新開發的自動化電致發光分析儀,周轉時間為 9 分鐘。最新的快速床旁測試可在 15 分鐘內檢測到超過 0.10 μg/l 的 cTnT 濃度。健康人參考範圍為 0-0.06 μg/l,心肌損傷的鑑別限為 0.10 μg/l。早期診斷靈敏度估計在症狀發作後 3-6 小時約為 50%,在 10-24 小時達到 100%。

即使在較小的心肌損傷中,cTnT 的增加也較大心肌梗塞來得晚、降得快。報告一致認為,肌紅蛋白和肌酸激酶 MB 異構體是最早的標誌物,但其診斷特異性低於肌鈣蛋白。單項研究報告所有標誌物的早期靈敏度相等。cTnT 是再梗塞的可靠指標,小型心肌梗塞後,cTnT 會顯示第二個、通常較高的峰值。不穩定性心絞痛和非 Q 波心肌梗塞在入院時具有相似的病理生理和臨床表現,兩者之間的分類取決於診斷標準。最近研究顯示,在入院後 24 小時內 cTnT 值≥0.10 μg/l 與隨後心臟事件風險呈線性和直接關係。即使在調整心電圖類別和 CK MB 質量水平後,cTnT 水平仍顯著預測風險。cTnT 在不穩定心絞痛患者中的風險分層預後作用強大。

圖 1A 顯示了一位因重度不穩定心絞痛入院的老年男性的典型 MMD 模式。cTnT 增加一倍,CK MB 也隨之變化。兩個月後(圖 1B),患者出現非 Q 波心肌梗塞,兩個標誌物和快速 cTnT 測試均證實。cTnT 在檢測經皮冠狀動脈成形術(PTCA)、搭橋手術和心臟移植後的併發症中具有應用價值。在骨骼肌損傷患者中,應謹慎解釋早期免疫測定版本的數據,因為存在與骨骼肌 TnT 的交叉反應。

章節摘錄

cTnT 的診斷特異性

目前的免疫測定對心肌同工酶具有分析特異性,應是骨骼肌損傷存在時心肌損傷的可靠指標。然而,cTnT 在多發性肌炎和杜興氏肌營養不良中可能升高。免疫組化研究建議胎兒 cTnT 基因可能在再生骨骼肌過程中重新表達。

常規診斷策略建議

由於肌鈣蛋白是「緩慢」標誌物,合理的做法是將其與「早期」標誌物如肌紅蛋白結合使用。我們認為這種診斷策略應基於急性、平行測定兩種標誌物。

結論

cTnT 已被證明是心肌損傷的診斷和預後標誌物,具有高診斷靈敏度和特異性,是不穩定心絞痛患者風險分層和管理的有力工具。合理的常規診斷策略可以基於早期標誌物肌紅蛋白和後期標誌物肌鈣蛋白的急性測定。

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