孕期隱形殺手?血栓風險激增,D-dimer檢測是救命關鍵!

本翻譯僅作學術交流用,無商業意圖,請勿轉載,如有疑議問請來信

懷孕讓血液變得易凝、血流變慢,增加靜脈血栓風險,尤其產後6週最危險。D-dimer檢測雖在孕期自然升高,但其陰性結果能有效排除血栓,減少不必要影像檢查,是重要的風險篩檢工具。

為什麼懷孕會增加血栓風險?

靜脈血栓栓塞(Venous Thromboembolism, VTE)聽起來很專業,但簡單來說,就是在靜脈裡形成了不該出現的血塊。它主要有兩種形式:

  • 深層靜脈栓塞(Deep Vein Thrombosis, DVT): 血塊通常形成在腿部的深層靜
  • 肺栓塞(Pulmonary Embolism, PE): 這是比較危險的情況,腿部的血塊脫落,跟著血液跑到肺部,堵塞了肺部的血管,可能危及生

懷孕和剛生完寶寶的時期,是VTE風險特別高的階段。事實上,PE是導致媽媽們(尤其是在已開發國家)死亡的主要原因之一,但很多情況其實是可以預防的

風險有多高?

  • 懷孕期間,發生血栓的風險比沒懷孕時高出約4到6倍
  • 剛生完寶寶的頭6週風險最高,甚至是沒懷孕時的20倍到60倍以上!這個高風險狀態可能會持續到產後3個月左右
  • 雖然整個孕期都有風險 2,但產後那段時間的每日風險是最高的

為什麼風險會增加?

懷孕時,身體為了準備生產、減少產後大出血,會自然地讓血液變得比較容易凝固 。同時,寶寶長大會壓迫媽媽的血管,加上荷爾蒙的影響,使得下半身的血液回流變慢 。生產過程本身也可能對血管造成一些微小的損傷 。這三個因素——血液變濃稠、血流變慢、血管可能受損——加在一起,就創造了一個容易形成血栓的環境 。

懷孕期間血栓有哪些徵兆?

  • DVT(腿部血栓)的可能症狀: 通常是單邊的腿部疼痛、腫脹、發紅、感覺熱熱的。特別的是,懷孕期間的DVT比較常發生在左腿(高達85%),而且位置比較靠近身體(骨盆附近
  • PE(肺栓塞)的可能症狀: 突然呼吸困難、胸痛、心跳很快、咳嗽(有時會咳血

重要提醒: 這些症狀(像是腿腫、呼吸急促)跟懷孕時正常的生理變化很像,所以光靠症狀很難判斷是不是真的有血栓。如果有疑慮,一定要尋求醫療協助。

哪些人風險比較高?

除了懷孕本身,還有一些因素會讓血栓風險更高:

  • 最重要的風險因子:
  • 以前得過血栓(VTE): 這是最強的風險因子。懷孕期間復發的機會增加
  • 易栓症(Thrombophilia): 身體天生或後天因素,讓血液更容易凝固
  • 家族有人得過血栓: 特別是近親
  • 其他常見風險因子(會疊加):
  • 年紀較大(通常指35歲以上)
  • 體重過重(BMI ≥ 30)
  • 剖腹產(尤其是緊急剖腹產
  • 多胞胎、做試管嬰兒(ART)
  • 活動量少、臥床休息、長時間旅行
  • 懷孕併發症: 如子癇前症、產後大出血、早產、感染等
  • 本身有其他疾病: 如心臟病、紅斑性狼瘡、糖尿病、高血壓等
  • 抽菸

醫生會評估這些風險因子,來決定是否需要採取預防措施

什麼是D-dimer?它跟血栓有什麼關係?

D-dimer是一種血液中的特殊物質,它是身體分解血塊(特別是已經穩定下來的血塊)後產生的碎片。簡單來說,血液中有D-dimer,表示身體內部最近有過凝血(形成血塊)和溶血(分解血塊)的活動

D-dimer檢測的原理:

醫院的檢驗是利用特殊的抗體去偵測血液中有沒有D-dimer這種碎片。

懷孕期間D-dimer的正常變化

關鍵點: 在正常的懷孕過程中,D-dimer的數值會自然地、持續地升高。從懷孕初期就開始,一直到懷孕後期,數值會越來越高。這被認為是跟胎盤發育等正常生理過程有關的現象

  • 孕期變化: 到了懷孕中後期,幾乎所有健康孕婦的D-dimer數值都會超過一般人(非孕婦)的正常標準
  • 產後變化: D-dimer通常在生產時或剛生完的頭幾天達到最高峰(剖腹產後會比自然產更高)。之後會慢慢下降,但可能需要好幾個星期(例如6週或更久)才會回到懷孕前的水平
  • 波動性: 即使是同一個孕婦,在懷孕期間D-dimer的數值也可能會有不小的波動

這代表什麼?

因為D-dimer在懷孕期間本來就會升高,所以不能直接拿一般人的標準來看。一個「高」的D-dimer數值在孕婦身上很可能是正常的,不一定代表有血栓。同時,因為數值本身就會波動,所以反覆抽血看D-dimer的變化趨勢,對於判斷有沒有血栓或治療效果好不好,幫助不大。

D-dimer檢測在懷孕期間的用途與限制

雖然D-dimer在懷孕期間會自然升高,但這個檢測還是有它的價值,主要是用來**「排除」**血栓的可能性。

優點:

  • 敏感度高: 如果真的有血栓,D-dimer檢測通常都能測出來(很少漏掉),敏感度接近100%
  • 陰性預測值高: 如果D-dimer檢測結果是陰性(低於某個標準),那麼可以非常有把握地說「沒有」血栓,尤其是在醫生初步評估認為風險不高的情況下 。這項特性最有價值,因為陰性結果可以幫助大約三分之一的疑似血栓孕婦避免做進一步的影像檢查(如電腦斷層或超音波),減少不必要的輻射暴露

缺點/限制:

  • 特異性低: 因為懷孕本身就會讓D-dimer升高,所以很多沒有血栓的孕婦,檢測結果也會是陽性(假陽性),尤其是在懷孕中後期和產後
  • 陽性結果的意義: 在懷孕期間,D-dimer陽性不代表一定有血栓。如果結果是陽性,必須做影像檢查(如腿部超音波、肺部電腦斷層掃描等)才能確定診斷
  • 缺乏孕期專用標準: 目前還沒有一套普遍適用於所有孕婦、所有檢測方法的D-dimer標準值

醫生如何使用D-dimer?

過去有些指引因為D-dimer在孕期不準確,不建議使用。但現在越來越多證據顯示,如果結合臨床評估(例如使用一種叫做YEARS的評估方法)或使用調整過的標準值,D-dimer檢測可以安全地幫助一部分孕婦排除血栓(特別是肺栓塞),減少不必要的影像檢查 。

重點整理: D-dimer檢測在懷孕期間的角色很特別。

  • 陰性(低於標準)結果很有用: 可以高度排除血栓,可能免去做影像檢查。
  • 陽性(高於標準)結果很常見,但不代表有血栓: 必須做影像檢查才能確認。

結語

懷孕和產後時期,身體的自然變化會讓血栓風險明顯增加,尤其是在生完寶寶後的幾週內。了解自身的風險因素(如過去病史、體重、年齡、生產方式等)非常重要。

D-dimer是一種血液檢測指標,它在正常懷孕期間會生理性升高。雖然這使得判讀變得複雜,但這個檢測仍然有其價值:一個陰性的D-dimer結果可以很有信心地排除血栓,有助於避免不必要的影像檢查。然而,陽性的結果在孕期很常見,並不代表一定有問題,需要進一步的影像檢查來確認。

免責聲明: 本文僅供參考,不能取代專業醫療建議,如果對血栓有任何疑慮,請諮詢專業醫生。

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